What are the best (productivity-enhancing, well-designed, and concise, rather than just popular or time-tested) programming languages?

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What are the best (productivity-enhancing, well-designed, and concise, rather than just popular or time-tested) programming languages?

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Best (productivity-enhancing, well-designed, and concise, rather than just popular or time-tested) programming languages	Price	Current stable version	Platforms
76 Nim	-	2.0.0	Windows, MacOS/iOS, Linux /Android/Termux, *BSD, Solaris/SmartOS, HaikuOS, lots of others
63 Smalltalk	-	6.1	-
62 Elixir	-	1.11.2	-
60 Common Lisp	-	-	-
60 Rust	-	1.71.1	Linux, MacOS X, Windows, BSD

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score 143 · Answer 1

Nim

Top Pro

Runtime speed

Nim can compile to C or C++, which means it can execute almost as fast as C (in some cases it has the same performance as C). See More

Top Con

Community is too small

Too small of a community to keep up with development of similar concurrent projects, like Haxe or Kotlin. See More

AwesomestLeto's Experience

Nim is a pretender, Mojo is the true contender. Mojo is a superset of Python, so can really transfer one's code over. With Mojo, no longer need C/C++, and defintely don't need preteners like Nim. Mojo developers work with and help the Python community, where Nim is just leeching off the name and popularity. It should have copied and leeched off Free/Object Pascal more, from which it actually came from. See More

Specs

Current stable version:2.0.0

Platforms:Windows, MacOS/iOS, Linux /Android/Termux, *BSD, Solaris/SmartOS, HaikuOS, lots of others

License:MIT

GZipped size:14,2 MB

See All Specs

Top Pro

Open source

Compiler and all core language tools are open source. See More

Top Con

You won't get a job programming Nim

It's not a mainstream language. See More

PrivateAhMuzenCab's Experience

Fast development, Fast execution, Easy to learn See More

Top Pro

Easy to read

Nim has a lot of common with Python in terms of syntax. Indentation-based syntax, for/while loops. See More

Top Con

Lack of cohesion, poor readability

Enabling users to write code however they want has the downside of making it possible to make a large codebase contributed to by multiple programmers extremely inconsistent. There's nothing to distinguish a macro from a function, or a method from a variable read. It adds to the cognitive strain of reading code significantly. See More

MemorableJumis's Experience

Con artists pushing this false hype language on tricked Python addicts and on here. Nobody know this language, not even on TIOBE index. You not getting a job with this. Nobody need this language, not even for hobby, as others much better. See More

Top Pro

Powerful metaprogramming

You can use templates to remove boilerplate and macros to create your own DSLs. For an example click here. See More

Top Con

Extremely opaque control flow, makes debugging a nightmare

It takes all the problems with debugging C++ and turns them up to 11. Nearly anything could modify the control flow and end up throwing an error. This becomes extremely annoying when working with libraries that may use different conventions to yours. See More

PatientSraosha's Experience

Nim is shit language with artificial support on here. No way this shit language is number 1 in anything. Do not use this shit, unless crazy or wasting time. See More

Top Pro

Compiles to C or JavaScript

Also compiles to C++, Objective C. See More

Top Con

Learning resources for beginners are scarse

Mogomotsi Donald Ralokwae's Experience

I have been using it since 2018, and it is one of the best and most innovative programming language I have ever used. It's syntax is similar to that of Python, it's low-level features are the same as that of C/C++ and a very powerful macro system found in Lisp programming language... Nim is simply the best. See More

Top Pro

Strict typing

Checks your code at compile time. See More

Top Con

Not true alternative to Python users, where using the Codon is.

Codon for a more Python-ish experience. Compiles real Python code to native code. Nim is not needed. See More

DreamerAglaophonos's Experience

I have been programming for several years and have played with quite a diverse set of languages, none have come close to the joy I have writing Nim. It makes sense and is joyous to write in. See More

Top Pro

Async/await features

Brilliant C#-inspired async/await implemented via macros. See More

Top Con

Atrocious error messages

Unhelpful to users, wasting hours deciphering and extremely annoying. See More

HonestAlastor's Experience

Very nice language to learn and use. Runtime performance on par with C/C++, powerful metaprogramming (macros, templates). Surprisingly easy to learn despite these advanced concepts. See More

Top Pro

Awesome syntax

Pascal and Python inspired syntax can make code much more readable. See More

Top Con

Whitespace sensitive syntax

Causes eye pain and is ugly. See More

KindUaIldak's Experience

It has a clear, python-like syntax without the usual python clutter, and it is a compiled language at the same time. It has powerful metaprogramming using macros. Can be easily compiled to C, C++, Objective C and even JavaScript. Great for all types of applications, from the low, bare metal touching level up to web servers and even games. See More

Top Pro

Multi paradigm

Imperative, OOP, functional programming in one language. See More

Top Con

Tries to claim more than what it really is

Advertises like it's the ultimate language, but is just a slight upgrade for those stuck on Python. See More

Bob San's Experience

Compiling to C/C++, lightweight runtime, tiny, fast executables and ability to use safe, automatic, GC-free memory management makes Nim the best language for embedded. See More

Top Pro

Really crossplatform

The same code can be used for web, server, desktop and mobile. See More

Top Con

Community harsh if criticized

If one dares to start a discussion about a feature on discord, subreddit or github then one will be aggressively shut down. See More

Top Pro

Type inferencing

You only need to specify types in your procedures and objects - you don't need to specify type when you're creating a new variable (unless you're creating it without initialization). See More

Top Con

Lacks void / null safety

Easy to get involved in safety issues. See More

Top Pro

Garbage-collected

You don't need to deal with all those manual memory allocations, Nim can take care of it! But also you can use another GC, or tweak it for your real-time application or a game. See More

Top Con

Unstable ecosystem

The ecosystem in not stable yet. See More

Top Pro

Supports UFCS (Unified Function Call Syntax)

writeLine(stdout, "hello") can be written as stdout.writeLine("hello") proc add(a: int): int = a + 5 can be used like 6.add.echo or 6.add().echo() See More

Top Con

Inconsistent name formatting

Headache creation with snake_case, pascalCase, and being case-insensitive too. See More

Top Pro

Compile-time execution

Nim has built-in VM, which executes macros and some other code at compile time. For example, you can check if you're on Windows, and Nim will generate code only for it. See More

Top Con

Con artist pushed useless language

False hype Python-like language used to generate cash by tricking Python users. Nobody need this language, not even on TIOBE index, but it came out 2008. Bad for even hobby, others much easier to learn and use. See More

Top Pro

Easy to integrate with another languages

You can use Nim with any language that can be interfaced with C. There's a tool which helps you to create new C and C++ bindings for Nim - c2nim. Also you can use Nim with Objective C or even JavaScript (if you're compiling for these backends). See More

Top Con

Memory management disasters

Will be stuck with bad performance while choosing from all kinds of memory management options that aren't good. See More

Top Pro

Built-in Unicode support

You can use Unicode names for variables, there is "Unicode" module for operations with Unicode. See More

Top Pro

Great metaprogramming features

There are generics, templates, macros in Nim. They can allow you to write new DSL for your application, or avoid all boilerplate stuff. See More

Top Pro

Has built-in async support

Nim has "asyncdispatch" module, which allows you to write async applications. See More

Top Pro

Has built-in unittest module

With built-in "unittest" module you can create test with a very readable code. See More

Top Pro

Optional and pluggable GC

GC is not forced on users. The new ARC/ORC are very lightweight. See More

Top Pro

Flexible memory management

Nim offers a variety of garbage collector options. If necessary, you can even turn the GC off and manage memory manually. This means developers are free to configure the memory management model to fit their specific use-case. See More

Top Pro

It produces executible files which are not large

Compared to Go, Rust, Swift (all with default compiler/linker settings). See More

Top Pro

More productive than Go, Rust and Python

The combination of Python-like syntax, static typing and type inferencing makes Nim more productive and readable than many other languages. See More

Top Pro

Active development

New great features and changes are in active development. See More

Top Pro

Community driven

Controlled by a community rather than a corporation See More

Top Pro

Type interferencing

You only need to specify types in your procedures and objects - you don't need to specify type when you're creating a new variable (unless you're creating it without initialization). See More

Top Pro

Statically typed

Has a static type system with great type inference and safety. See More

See All

score 99 · Answer 2

Smalltalk

Top Pro

Live programming environments available

VisualWorks, Pharo, Squeak, Dolphin, Cuis See More

Top Con

Not used as much anymore

Arie van Wingerden's Experience

Done a lot of programming in S/370 Assembler, Rexx, Basic, Go, Rust, Rebol, Erlang, Lisp and Scheme variants. What burdens me is that every single project you must start from almost nothing. Reusability of code is often not possible. In Smalltalk that is totally different. Code reuse is the standard. See More

Specs

Current stable version:6.1

GZipped size:38MB

IDE Support:Self-Hosted

OS:Windows, macOS, Linux

Top Pro

Simple syntax

The syntax famously fits on a postcard. Programmers are free to worry about the problem at hand instead of the language itself. Not C or Java like syntax. Avoid bracket soup with keywords that make it clear what is expected / passed into methods. See More

Top Con

Isolation

Smalltalk has its own world inside the image. You cannot use your current text editor with it. At least not in a straight forward way. See More

ThoughtfulArohirohi's Experience

Using Smalltalk since the early 90's. Used many 3GL and 4GL app building environments. Always use Smalltalk as my first choice as competitive advantage. See More

Top Pro

Smalltalk amenable to creating domain-specific languages

If written well, Smalltalk almost reads like English. See More

Top Con

Not common

Smalltalk missed an opportunity to become mainstream when its implementations cost $5000 per seat versus $0 open source. New open source implementations (Pharo, Squeak) have minor corporate backers but not yet an IT behemoth. Direct jobs are scarce (but indirectly Smalltalk experience is very well regarded). Online communities are relatively small. See More

ReverentHesperus's Experience

Developing large scale commercial projects using Smalltalk. Projects include electronic medical records (eMRs), eCommerce, sales order entry, TicketMaster style event registration for reserved and festival seating... See More

Top Pro

Very nice and active community around Pharo, Squeak and Cuis

Top Con

Only one paradigm allowed

Smalltalk is a purely object-oriented language, which means that other paradigms can't be used, like functional programming. Although Smalltalk allows easy creation of closures, functional programming can't be fully exploited, because methods are always handcuffed to objects, also, there's no proper tail-call optimization, so either Smalltalk systems allow for unlimited recursion at the expense of speed or memory, or they implement stack frames and thus work fast at the expense of recursion. See More

PeterPetr's Experience

Using Smalltalk, when every possible, since 1990 for commercial projects, ecommerce, electronic medical records and more. It's my secret competitive advantage. See More

Top Pro

Object Oriented

How it was meant to be. See More

Top Con

Language design and implementation makes it difficult to utilize multi-core systems

EnchantingZaqar's Experience

Excellent developing tools, like debugger and inspector. Far better than most languages. See More

Top Pro

Provides powerful metaprogramming facilities

Top Con

Limited libraries to connect with external services

Although it has libraries to connect with major services (eg. databases like PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Riak, etc.), it takes some time for those libraries to be available. It's not cutting edge like node.js or Python where libraries are usually written first there and then ported to other languages. See More

Top Pro

Fun to use

Top Con

Limited object system

The object system, which by the way is the essence of Smalltalk (Smalltalk is purely object oriented), is very limited, conforming to the old and weak paradigm of tying methods to classes. Modern OOP systems such as the ones provided by Julia and Common Lisp, separate methods from objects allowing for multiple-dispatch and powerful "method combinations", which together greatly enhance the possibilities of OOP and allow for easy translation of your problem domain to actual code. For example, in those two languages the "Circle-Ellipse problem" is easily solved in a few lines and without any hack (such as changing the hierarchy at runtime.) See More

Top Pro

Superb Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

All tools (Inspector, Browser, Debugger etc.) are written in Smalltalk and are live objects in the environment. All sources are present, so that the tools can easily be studied, changed and experimented with. The same goes for the other components like the compiler, OS-Integration etc. See More

Top Con

Virtual machine in its own isolated world

Smalltalk wants to be the whole OS. While this has tremendous advantages internally, interacting with the world outside the VM is not as easy as pure Smalltalk and must be done via a Foreign Function Interface. See More

Top Pro

Environment of live objects

You can modify the system as it's running. You're "swimming with the fish", instead of probing a black box by remote control. See More

Top Con

A little slow

Smalltalk's VM and lack of attention makes it slower than other languages although most of the time this is unnoticeable. See More

Top Pro

First-class functions with lexical closures

Top Con

Simple, but not C-like syntax

Top Pro

Elegant syntax fits on a postcard

The syntax was designed to be easy enough for children to learn. Beginners can learn the language rules very quickly and then focus on programming without fighting the syntax at the same time. Things that have to be baked into the grammar in other languages are simple message sends with block arguments in Smalltalk. Expressions have only three precedence levels to worry about. See More

Top Pro

Inspector makes objects transparent

Programmers must make detailed mental models of the system they are developing. Bugs usually happen when the mental model does not match the actual system. This is one of the greatest difficulties beginners have because most systems are so opaque. It takes a lot of effort to see what's really going on. But in Smalltalk this is much easier, thanks to the powerful tools included in the environment, like the object inspector. See More

Top Pro

Agile "interactive" test-driven development

Smalltalk had the original (and still the best) unit test system that inspired it in many other languages (like Java's JUnit). Working with interactive live objects in Smalltalk style TDD makes it easy to teach and learn TDD. See More

Top Pro

Easy to learn and experiment

Top Pro

With PharoJS, easy to generate code for the web

Top Pro

Pure and easy object orientation

Smalltalk is one of few languages that are purely object oriented. This provides a solid and easy to understand base on which to learn object oriented programming, the most popular approach to programming. See More

Top Pro

Language uniformity

This leads to a very simple programming model (pure OO) that is still very powerful. A lot of stuff that is hard to implement in other languages is easier in Smalltalk. See More

Top Pro

As a first language, almost forces you to learn OO design.

Hybrid languages (e.g., Java, C#, C++) make it easy to slip into procedural thinking. Smalltalk's pure OO approach makes it hard not to think in object-oriented terms. In addition, since the entire IDE and runtime components are there in the image for you to browse, you have plenty of examples of good OO design to learn from. See More

Top Pro

With SqueakJS, run in the browser

Top Pro

Internal source code and documentation

You can explore how everything works easily. See More

Top Pro

With Amber, easy to generate code to run in the web browser

Top Pro

Provides a functional way to interact with objects

Many languages today use object orientation, while the most of them stock on the half way in that perspective. Smalltalk sees literally everything as an object and this includes things like the classes and primitive data types. There is are zero control structures such as selection and iteration, since all is done by sending messages to objects. It use a lot of concepts from Lisp in order to provide a nice experience for this pure kind of object orientation. It provides immutable data structures, closures, anonymous functions and higher order functions, while all those functions are objects. This is what makes Smalltalk so simple, elegant, and easy. All this counts for Pharo, while other implementations as Amber are probably feature complete to it. See More

Top Pro

It invented a lot of stuff

Smalltalk is the inventor of Just-in-Time compilation and the MVC concept, refactoring through their so-called refactoring browser and it was also one of the first adopters of a language virtual machine, closures, live programming, test driven development, an IDE and the development of GUI`s. See More

Top Pro

Graphical user interface

Beginners are usually stuck making command-line applications in other languages, because GUIs are too hard. Smalltalk GUIs are easy enough to start with. See More

Top Pro

Save and restore virtual machine image

A Smalltalk environment can save the state of a running program and later restore and resume execution. This includes the internal state of live objects, multiple thread stacks, and debugging sessions, making it easier for beginners to take the exact problem to an expert for assistance. See More

Top Pro

Inspired many other languages' object systems

Top Pro

Rich libraries including many powerful data types, collections, frameworks, development tools etc.

Top Pro

Allows programming at various levels of abstraction, including with pure domain concepts

Top Pro

Powerful integrated debugger

You can edit code and swap it in while the your program is still running after an exception has already been signaled, or restart from anywhere in the call stack. You can inspect and modify the state of any object. Some Smalltalkers write unit tests and then program exclusively in the debugger. See More

Top Pro

The true Smalltalk- 80 Dynabook experience on Cuis.

Cuis Smalltalk shares and follows the original values of Smalltalk-80. Especially on the value of being able to study, understand and modify any part of the system, and see immediate results. See https://github.com/Cuis-Smalltalk/Cuis-Smalltalk-Dev See More

Top Pro

As a first language, almost forces you to learn OO design

Hybrid languages (e.g., Java, C#, C++) make it easy to slip into procedural thinking. Smalltalk's pure OO approach makes it hard not to think in object-oriented terms. In addition, since the entire IDE and runtime components are there in the image for you to browse, you have plenty of examples of good OO design to learn from. See More

Top Pro

Open source

MIT licensed implementations Pharo, Squeak, Cuis & Dolphin and GPL licensed GnuSmalltalk. See More

Top Pro

Incremental compilation

Provides an extremely fast code-compile-run-debug cycle. This is great for beginners to experiment and prototype ideas. See More

Top Pro

The summum environment for code reuse!

Top Pro

Tooling emerges, cheaply, as a consequence of its design rather than being bolted on

Top Pro

Code rewriting to program yourself out of a corner again

See All

score 64 · Answer 3

Elixir

Top Pro

Very friendly functional language

Top Con

Deployment is still not as easy as it should be

Since Elixir 1.9.0 releases are built into Mix (The language's build tool) providing easy assembly for deployment See More

Specs

Current stable version:1.11.2

Site:https://elixir-lang.org

GZipped size:3.61 MB (without required Erlang VM)

Top Pro

Great for concurrency

Leverages the existing Erlang Beam VM which is amazing for concurrency. See More

Top Con

Some design choices may seem strange

Some design choices could have been a little more appealing, for example: using "do...end" comes natural in Ruby for blocks but Elixir uses them for everything and it looks pretty weird: Enum.map [1, 2, 3], fn(x) -> x * 2 end or receive do {:hello, msg} -> msg {:world, msg} -> "won't match" end See More

Top Pro

Amazingly robust and fluid multi-processing

Top Con

Slow

Single core perfomance is significantly slower than most other languages. See More

Top Pro

Compiler errors usually explain why that's an error

Compiler errors and warnings tend to be accompanied with explanations of why the error/warning happened, and even with hints on how to solve them. See More

Top Con

Dynamically typed

Top Pro

Part of the best web full-stack framework currently available

Phoenix Framework is coded in Elixir and is very stable and performant as compared to the competition. See More

Top Con

Single paradigm

Can only be used as a functional language See More

Top Pro

Great documentation

Elixir's documentation is very good. It covers everything and always helps solving any problem you may have. It's also always available from the terminal. See More

Top Con

Single threaded

A lot of problems arise from async code. See More

Top Pro

BEAM VM and OTP library

Top Pro

Powerful metaprogramming

Write code that writes code with Elixir macros. Macros make metaprogramming possible and define the language itself. See More

Top Pro

Easy to download libraries

Comes with built in build tool called "mix". This will automatically download libraries and put them in the scope of the application when you add them to the "deps" function and run mix deps.get See More

Top Pro

Syntax is similar to Ruby, making it familiar for people used to OOP

All of the benefits of Erlang; without as steep a learning curve of prolog based syntax. Elixir is heavily inspired by Ruby's syntax which many people love. See More

Top Pro

Full access to Erlang functions

You can call Erlang functions directly without any overhead: https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/erlang-libraries.html See More

Top Pro

Scalability

Elixir programming is ideal for applications that have many users or are actively growing their audience. Elixir can easily cope with much traffic without extra costs for additional servers. More details can be found here. See More

Top Pro

Great getting started tutorials

The tutorials are very clear and concise (even for a person not used to functional programming). Plus they are also very mobile friendly. See More

Top Pro

Types don't get in the way

Gradual typing is a wonderful middle-ground for those who like dynamic languages but see the value of typing. See More

Top Pro

Dynamically typed

See All

score 47 · Answer 4

Common Lisp

Top Pro

Powerful macro system

Allows directly abstracting common code patterns to a degree almost impossible in non-lisp languages, which greatly improves readability and reduces code duplication with almost no runtime overhead. See More

Top Con

Different from other languages

Common Lisp (and lisp languages in general, but especially Common Lisp) is very different from other mainstream languages in ways that are difficult to adjust to, leading to a higher learning curve when transitioning from a C or Algol based language. See More

Top Pro

Fast

Most Lisp implementations today are native-code compiled, and the compiler supports an advanced declaration syntax to allow you to pass it optimization hints. This allows fine tuning of small segments of code for high speed, while leaving the rest of the code base untouched. See More

Top Con

Very impure

Although the Lisp family is often described as functional languages, they do in practice rely a lot on mutation and side-effects/ Common Lisp in particular does not even try very much to stick to the functional paradigm, or any other ideal. Instead, it has a philosophy of allowing whatever approach seems most convenient, and encourages users to tack whatever is needed onto the language with macros. Combined with the lack of static types, this can lead to problems with interoperability and makes it hard to understand code you have not written yourself. See More

Top Pro

Concise

You can reduce your program to any DSL you need, leaving on high level only that text which is relevant to your problem, and nothing else. See More

Top Con

Current state-of-the-art dependency manager install dependencies system-wide

It's not obvious to get 3rd party dependencies in the same folder as your application, like almost every other language infrastructure is able to do. See More

Top Pro

Interactive programming

On top of the REPL, a command line style interface to the language which lets you interactively call into any aspect of your program, Common Lisp is built from the ground up to support redefining any aspect of your program at runtime. This greatly reduces development time, as modifications to individual functions and classes can be loaded in while the program is running to test their effects. See More

Top Con

No obvious way to distribute software

ECL compile Common Lisp code to native binaries but it's just one implementation from others, and if your code includes implementation-specific pieces like SBCL's sb- packages, you can't use ECL to compile it. SBCL itself can "dump executable", which will give you an executable several megabytes in size irrelevant of your own application size. And if your application relies on external asset files like images, icons, sounds, texts and so on, you're really screwed. See More

Top Pro

Elegant

No other language allows you to hack itself in such extreme way the Lisp does. See More

Top Con

Infrastructure inferior to mainstream languages

Build tools, static code analysis, automated tests, code navigation and code completion in IDEs, IDEs overall - are all seriously lacking in robustness and features compared to mainstream languages infrastructure. See More

Top Pro

Very Powerful REPL with SLIME

SLIME (Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs). See More

Top Pro

Almost as fast as, or faster than, C

Some compilers such as SBCL can be faster than C or other low-level languages, and most compilers can generate fast native code. See More

Top Pro

Many choices for implementations

SBCL, ABCL, Clisp are the most popular See More

Top Pro

Homoiconic syntax

The code itself is a data structure in the language. It's lists of lists. Some more recent languages have syntax macros like Lisp, but you have to program them in an abstract syntax tree (AST) metalanguage. Lisp is practically its own AST, which makes it easy to manipulate Lisp code objects in Lisp--metaprogramming. See More

Top Pro

Powerful object system

The Common Lisp Object System supports full multiple inheritance and global multiple-dispatch functions, exposing powerful extensibility from the ground up. Also, hot reloading of classes and let's not forget about introspection, too. See More

Top Pro

Powerful debugging capabilities

Common Lisp has a large selection of interactive debugging tools built into the language, including a GCC style debugger which activates on any otherwise uncaught errors, the ability to trace all calls and return values of any given function, and an inspection system which can give detailed reports about any object in the runtime. See More

Top Pro

Condition/restart system

It is easy to recover from errors. Error resolution can be determined by the user at the REPL. See More

Top Pro

Image based runtime

The state of the program may be saved and reloaded as an image, supporting safer modification of the running program. New code may be compiled into the image as the program runs, while late binding ensures that symbol redefinitions take effect throughout the program. See More

Top Pro

Powerful type system and data type support

Common Lisp is strongly typed; implementations like SBCL allow for (optional) static typing, and the type system is powerful, allowing for complex type definitions, as well as a good struct system and a superb class system (CLOS). Additionally, the support for various data types is exemplary -- allowing for rational numbers, arbitrary-length integers, arbitrary-length floats, complex numbers, bitwise manipulation, etc. See More

See All

score 101 · Answer 5

Rust

Top Pro

Catch errors at compile-time

Since Rust is statically typed, you can catch multiple errors during compile time. This is extremely helpful with debugging, especially compared with dynamically typed languages that may fail silently during runtime. See More

Top Con

Difficult learning curve

Learning curve of the fairly complex rules for Ownership, References and Borrowing, and Lifetimes required. Their use must be internalized in order to become reasonably fluent in Rust. See More

HumbleNingal's Experience

Great, if you like it hard and can handle the pain at the beginning. Supposedly it gets real good after a while, for those that get used to it and some. But not for everybody. See More

Specs

Current stable version:1.71.1

Platforms:Linux, MacOS X, Windows, BSD

License:MIT/Apache

Top Pro

Memory safety

Rust is designed to prevent null pointers and segfaults. See More

Top Con

Significant time required to understand the language fully

There's the infamous borrow checker for example. See More

Rempas's Experience

The compile times, ugly syntax and VERY steep learning curve are the reasons no-one should use this language. I don't care how popular a language is or how many features it has. If it takes 2 years to compile a "hello world" program and if I need 5 years to be able to be productive and read some source code online, the language is a huge NO from me! See More

Top Pro

Threads without data races

Unique ownership system guarantees a mutable data to be owned and mutated by only one thread at a time, so there's no data race, and this guarantee is checked at compile time statically. Which means easy multi-threading. Of course, immutable data can be shared among multiple threads freely. See More

Top Con

No higher kinded types

PatientSraosha's Experience

Playing with Rust will give your free headaches and ulcers. See More

Top Pro

Compiles to machine code allowing for extra efficiency

Rust uses LLVM as a backend, among other things this allows Rust code to compile down to machine languages. This allows developers to write programs that run as efficiently as possible. See More

Top Con

Low readability

Harder to read and understand language. See More

pizzamonkey's Experience

It makes it easy to write efficient, safe code. It's extremely ergonomic for such a low-level language and I don't think the learning curve is any worse than other languages. People expect it to be like C since it's syntax is close to C, but coming from C to Rust is more like coming from C to Haskell, it takes some time because it's a fundamentally different way of thinking about programming. See More

Top Pro

Emphasis on zero-cost abstractions

Programming is all about abstractions. The more powerful abstractions you can use, the more efficiently you can program. Rust, bucking the trend from most languages in its niche, has aspired to take a hint from functional languages, moving away from low-level thinking, and included powerful abstractions for getting work done. To make things better, these abstractions come with no overhead. See More

Top Con

Only 10 years old

Some libraries that other languages have may not exist yet in Rust. See More

ResourcefulShala's Experience

Most people do not need Rust. It will cause them too much wasted time in frustration, slow compiles, or outright confusion. Other memory safe(r) languages like Go, D, V, etc... are outright easier to use and as or almost as fast for tasks required. See More

Top Pro

Generics support

You don't have to write same array and dictionary classes hundreds and thousands times for strong type check by compiler. See More

Top Con

Very ugly and verbose syntax

Compared to many languages. One tool needed to be productive is the language to be pleasing and effective, yet Rust friction is as high as its safety. See More

MemorableTitias's Experience

Great alternative to C++, just needs more libraries, which I'm sure are soon to come, with Mozilla working on it! See More

Top Pro

Supports cross compilation for different architectures

Since Rust 1.8 you can install additional versions of the standard library for different targets using rustup/multirust. For example: $ rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl Which then allows for: $ cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl See More

Top Con

Long compile times

Way longer to compile than other languages. See More

Top Pro

Support for macros

When you identify a part of your code which gets repeated often, which you cannot abstract using functions or classes, you can use Rust's built-in Macros. See More

Top Con

Low-level programming language

The Rust compiler forces the programmer to understand how memory works, this may be hard to work around at first. Most applications can run without exceeding the capacity of the server, even with an inefficient dynamic scripting language. See More

Top Pro

Built-in concurrency in the standard library

Rust has built-in support for concurrency in the standard library. See More

Top Con

Low productivity

The compiler is strict, such as ownership and borrowing checkers. See More

Top Pro

Expressive error handling, no having to catch exceptions

Errors are propagated through functions in the program and can be handled at any level. See More

Top Con

Not as useful or productive as advertised.

If really out here wanting to use something besides C/C++, in 98% of use cases, would do just as well or be better off using something other than Rust. Will complete the project faster, would be easier, will be happier, and nearly as safe (use newer language with optional GC). See More

Top Pro

Makes developers write optimal code

Rust is a modern programming language written around systems. It was designed from the ground up this way. It's language design makes developers write optimal code almost all the time, meaning you don't have to fully know and understand the compiler's source code in order to optimize your program. Furthermore, Rust does not copy from memory unnecessarily, to give an example: all types move by default and not copy. Even references to types do not copy by default. In other words, setting a reference to another reference destroys the original one unless it's stated otherwise. See More

Top Con

Error handling

Rust uses algebraic data types(Option, Result) instead of exception. See More

Top Pro

First-class sum types

Sum types (i.e., tagged unions) are a very expressive way of representing state. The simplest example of this is Rust's Option<T> type which has two variants Some(T) and None. One can use an Option to represent a computation that may or may not have a meaningful result (e.g., retrieving a value from a hash table, the element is there, Some(element), or it isn't, None). Rust allows the programmer to pattern match (destructure) these sum types in a very ergonomic way. See More

Top Con

Certain syntax may be confusing for new programmers

Rust's lifetime notation and application can be difficult to understand. Rust's trait system may be intuitive at first for programmers who use object oriented languages. The macro system syntax is entirely different from the rest of the language and there are many different types. E.g. derive and tag macros use #[] syntax while function macros have a ! after the name. See More

Top Pro

Official package manager and build tool

Cargo is the official package manager for Rust. It comes with the language and downloads dependencies, compiles packages, and makes and uploads distributable packages See More

Top Con

Rust not as safe as it pretends to be

Rust problems: 1) Massive undisclosed usage of unsafe. 2) Massive amounts of memory safety CVEs - see details. 3) Large bloated Rust binaries increase attack surface for exploits. 4) Many corporate types claiming Rust is safe, don't actually program or use it (have some quiet financial interest to push it). See More

Top Pro

Package manager (cargo) is extremely useful, builds are reproducible

Cargo can be used to manage libraries/library revisions, building rust code, building and linking C code, tool installation, text and benchmark execution... See More

Top Pro

Error handling

Rust forces the programmer to handle errors, but provides zero cost abstractions and syntactical niceties for this purpose. Error handling is fast, concise, and safe. See More

Top Pro

Big community

The biggest community contributing to language. See More

Top Pro

Easy to write understandable code

While not as verbose as Java, it still is much more verbose than languages like Go and Python. This means that the code is very explicit and easy to understand. See More

Top Pro

Functional programming

Very easy to create functional with some additional from structure application. See More

Top Pro

Ownership and borrowing

Rust uses a system of ownership and borrowing for memory management, decreasing compile times, while also being less error-prone, See More

Top Pro

Excellent learning resources and documentation

With the Rust Cookbook, Rust by example, Rustlings, and "The Book", there are many comprehensive tutorials to get started and understand each piece of the language one at a time. Once you do understand the language, the documentation present on doc.rust-lang.org is very helpful. See More

Top Pro

Object-Oriented alternatives

Many people complain about object oriented programming, and Rust manages to have most of the usability benefits of OOP without having to tie yourself in knots. There's no inheritance, but enums and traits can fill most of that functionality with added transparency. See More

Top Pro

Macros are easily identified

Unlike C's syntax which draws no distinction between macros and function calls, Rust makes it explicit what is a macro and what isn't. The macro system is extremely powerful, but you won't use one accidentally. See More

Top Pro

Safe and efficient

With zero-cost abstractions and a very strict borrow-checker, it makes writing safe and efficient code a breeze, while disallowing any unsafe code (outside designated "unsafe" blocks). See More

See All

score 127 · Answer 6

Python

Top Pro

Comes with extensive libraries

Python ships with a large standard library, including modules for everything from writing graphical applications, running servers, and doing unit testing. This means that beginners won't need to spend time searching for tools and libraries just to get started on their projects. See More

Top Con

Arbitrary semantic quirks

The language suffers from issues with non-systematic language semantics, such as differentiation between functions and methods; operators and functions; inconsistencies in default scope behavior (conflation of variable assignment and declaration--global vs nonlocal, and class declarations don't quite have lexical scope.); a mixture of statements and expressions with unclear standards for what kinds of operations get to be an expression and which are only statements, and weird issues like no statements in lambdas. See More

Romuald Texier-Marcadé's Experience

Great language and ecosystem for scientic computing, machine learning and data science. See More

Specs

Current stable version:3.9.1

Platforms:Windows, Linux, macOS, AIX, IBM i, iOS, z/OS, Solaris, VMS

GZipped size:22.5MB

Typing discipline:Dynamically typed

See All Specs

Top Pro

Clear syntax

Python's syntax is very clear and readable, making it excellent for beginners. The lack of extra characters like semicolons and curly braces reduces distractions, letting beginners focus on the meaning of the code. Significant whitespace also means that all code is properly and consistently indented. The language also uses natural english words such as 'and' and 'or', meaning that beginners need to learn fewer obscure symbols. On top of this, Python's dynamic type system means that code isn't cluttered with type information, which would further distract beginners from what the code is doing. See More

Top Con

Bad parallelism

GIL See More

PatientSraosha's Experience

Python is stinking pile of shit language that is used by those that don't know better, not actual programmers, or not experienced. Do yourself favor and go learn real language, not waste your time. Slant recommendations is also unbelievable crap too. See More

Top Pro

Multipurpose

Python is heavily used in education sector, web and internet development, scientific and numeric computing as well as in big data and machine learning algorithms development. The depth and breadth of Python makes it the language of choice in education and research sector and students across the globe use Python for learning programming and building research projects. See More

Top Con

Slow to run

Check for example the first result from Google. See More

Madsen Altamirano's Experience

It is good for simple scripts and whatnot — not very good at all for large, important projects. However, if I need a serious scripting langauge, SHell is the only sane option (or BASH). Since I'm not running around trying to write scripts for everything, Python does not offer much use for me. Please do not implement your web browser or terminal emulator in Python. And please don't ask me to port our whole project codebase to Python! However, it is a very good language to begin learning to program. The simplicity of the syntax and the excellent documentation are worthy of praise that other languages do not get. As others have said, it's almost like Pseudocode — meaning the user can focus on the logic behind their program. In this regards, I might use Python to learn a new concept. For an example, I could learn how to send things over TCP using Python, since it focuses on the logic. This is why Python is great for beginner programmers — and it's readily available, even on their Android phone with PyDroid and QPython — both great mobile IDEs for Python. Yes, there are "science" and "numeric" uses in Python. But overall, it isn't the experienced programmer's first-pick programming language. It is geared more towards the beginner, miscellaneous scripting, and logic-focused design. Combined with these reasons and its ranking as one of the slowest languages ever created, I believe Python should be avoided for serious programming. See More

Top Pro

Lots of tutorials

Python's popularity and beginner friendliness has led to a wealth of tutorials and example code on the internet. This means that when beginners have questions, they're very likely to be able to find an answer on their own just by searching. This is an advantage over some languages that are not as popular or covered as in-depth by its users. See More

Top Con

Bad performance

Python, like many interpreted and untyped languages, is fairly slow compared to compiled languages like C, C++ or Java. Sometimes this won't matter, but when it does you're talking about twenty times slower than C/C++ and ten times slower than Java on average. See More

Top Pro

Emphasis on readability

Easy to read even for people who don’t know the language. See More

Top Con

Harder to catch bugs because of its dynamic type system

Top Pro

C Interop

CFFI is the bee's knees. But there are other options too. See More

Top Con

Language fragmentation

A large subset of the Python community still uses / relies upon Python 2, which is considered a legacy implementation by the Python authors. Some libraries still have varying degrees of support depending on which version of Python you use. There are syntactical differences between the versions. See More

Top Pro

All objects including functions are first-class objects

Functions have attributes and can be referenced and assigned to variables. As Guido points out in his blog, "One of my goals for Python was to make it so that all objects were 'first class.' By this, I meant that I wanted all objects that could be named in the language (e.g., integers, strings, functions, classes, modules, methods, etc.) to have equal status. That is, they can be assigned to variables, placed in lists, stored in dictionaries, passed as arguments, and so forth." See More

Top Con

Version Confusion with V2.x and V3.x

Top Pro

Cross-platform

Installs and works on every major operating systems if not already installed by default (Linux, macOS). See More

Top Con

Improper closures

Lambdas are limited to single-expression statements, and functions that close over local variables easily invalidate references, limiting their capability for maintaining state. Other functional languages that implement closures do not have any of these limitations (or they are comparatively so substantially relaxed as to not make a difference.) See More

Top Pro

Sequences

Top Con

Significant whitespace

While proper formatting is essential for any programmer, beginners often have trouble understanding the need and lack the discipline to do it. Add to that all those editors that randomly convert N spaces (usually 8) to tabs and you get an instant disaster. See More

Top Pro

Good documentation

The Python community has put a lot of work into creating excellent documentation filled with plain english describing functionality. Contrast this with other languages, such as Java, where documentation often contains a dry enumeration of the API. As a random example, consider GUI toolkit documentation - the tkinter documentation reads almost like a blog article, answering questions such as 'How do I...', whereas Java's Swing documentation contains dry descriptions that effectively reiterate the implementation code. On top of this, most functions contain 'Doc Strings', which mean that documentation is often immediately available, without even the need to search the internet. See More

Top Con

Speed can matter

Python, like many interpreted and untyped languages, is fairly slow compared to compiled languages like C, C++ or Java. Sometimes this won't matter, but when it does you're talking about twenty times slower than C/C++ and ten times slowed than Java. See More

Top Pro

Very similar to pseudo-code

When learning Computer Science concepts such as algorithms and data structures, many texts use pseudo-code. Having a language such as Python whose syntax is very similar to pseudo-code is an obvious advantage that makes learning easier. See More

Top Con

Inelegant and messy language design

The first impression given by well-chosen Python sample code is quite attractive. However, very soon a lack of unifying philosophy / theory behind the language starts to show more and more. This includes issues with OOP such as lack of consistency in the use of object methods vs. functions (e.g., is it x.sort() or sorted(x), or both for lists?), made worse by too many functions in global name space. Method names via mangling and the init(self) look and feel like features just bolted on an existing simpler language. See More

Top Pro

Has many libraries for scientific computing, data mining and machine learning

Python is commonly used in data science and has many libraries for scientific computing, such as numpy, pandas, matplotlib, etc. See More

Top Con

Limited support for functional programming

While Python imports some very useful and elegant bits and pieces from FP (such as list comprehensions, higher-order functions such as map and filter), the language's support for FP falls short of the expectations raised by included features. For example, no tail call optimisation or proper lambdas. Referential transparency can be destroyed in unexpected ways even when it seems to be guaranteed. Function composition is not built into the core language. Etc. See More

Top Pro

It's really simple

It's very simple for understanding how programming works. See More

Top Con

Sacrifices principles for beginner-friendliness

Python tries hard to look like imperative pseudocode. This is great for simple scripts, but for more advanced applications one would often wish for a bit more depth-oriented design with enforcement of standards. Python tends to be procedural at the small scale, OO at the large scale and occasionally functional when it's deemed elegant, but this doesn't always latch together very well. The “English-like” syntax often make it difficult to understand how something works precisely. See More

Top Pro

Default parameter values

Though, this feature is hardly unique to Python. See More

Top Con

Not good for mobile development

You can use frameworks like Kivy, but if your ultimate goal is to write mobile apps Python may not be the best first choice. See More

Top Pro

Good language for beginners

Simple syntax and the ability to execute code using the interpreter make it easier for beginners to learn and experiment, but it also means that experienced programmers can be more productive with Python, as well. See More

Top Con

The process of shipping/distributing software is reatively complicated

Once you have you program the process of having a way to send it to others to use is fragile and fragmented. Python is still looking for the right solution for this with still differences in opinion. These differences are a huge counter to Python's mantra of "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it." See More

Top Pro

One right way to do things

One of the Guiding Principles of Python is that there should be only one obvious way to do things. This is helpful for beginners because it means that there is likely a best answer for questions about how things should be done. See More

Top Con

Might not be very future-proof

Lots of features that will probably be crucial as time goes (good support for parallelism for example) are missing or are not that well-supported in Python. Since 2.x and 3.x still exist, be prepared to switch if something makes 3.x take off in the future. See More

Top Pro

Advanced community projects

There are outstanding projects being actively developed in Python. Projects such as the following to name a random four: Django: a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. iPython: a rich architecture for interactive computing with shells, a notebook and which is embeddable as well as wrapping and able to wrap libraries written in other languages. Mercurial: a free, distributed source control management tool. It efficiently handles projects of any size and offers an easy and intuitive interface. PyPy: a fast, compliant alternative implementation of the Python language (2.7.3 and 3.2.3) with several advantages and distinct features including a Just-in-Time compiler for speed, reduced memory use, sandboxing, micro-threads for massive concurrency, ... When you move on from being a learner you can still stay with Python for those advanced tasks. See More

Top Con

Does not teach you about data types

Since Python is a dynamically typed language, you don't have to learn about data types if you start using Python as your first language. Data types being one of the most important concepts in programming. This also will cause trouble in the long run when you will have to (inevitably) learn and work with a statically typed language because you will be forced to learn the type system from scratch. See More

Top Pro

Can be used in many domains

Python can be used across virtually all domains: scientific, network, games, graphics, animation, web development, machine learning, and data science. See More

Top Con

Hard to debug other people's code

As the structure of Python code is based on conventions many developers are not following them and so it is difficult to follow/extract the design of not trivial application from the code. While this is a con, I see it in other languages as well. It seems to depend on the programmer. Most people don't learn conventions first, they just start programming. Unless you work for someone who insists you follow the conventions, you will probably go with what you like. You might never look at the conventions. See More

Top Pro

Active and helpful community

Python has an active and helpful community, such as the comp.lang.python Google Groups, StackOverflow, reddit, etc. See More

Top Con

No access modifiers

Underscores don't change anything. See More

Top Pro

Docstrings

Code is self-documenting. Functions tell you what their parameters are for and how to use them. You can even include TeX math and it is displayed in tools like Spyder. See More

Top Con

The elegant design is not translated to numerical applications

Python is popular for data science, but there it's not really used as Python but just as a user interface for NumPy, which is basically Matlab-in-a-library. Python numerical code thus features much of the same bad design as Matlab scripts: inscrutable everything-is-an-array signatures, confusion about row vectors vs. column vectors etc.. If all you want is a free and open source version of Matlab, check out Octave, which has nearly 1:1 compatibility with Matlab. See More

Top Pro

Easy to get started

On top of the wealth of tutorials and documentation, and the fact that it ships with a sizeable standard library, Python also ships with both an IDE (Integrated Development Environment: A graphical environment for editing running and debugging your code); as well as a text-based live interpreter. Both help users to get started trying out code immediately, and give users immediate feedback that aids learning. See More

Top Con

Slower language updates

Compared to languages maintained by larger entities, such as C# and Kotlin, Python is quite slow in adding new features. See More

Top Pro

Easy to find jobs

Python's popularity also means that it's commonly in use in production at many companies - it's even one of the primary languages in use at Google. Furthermore, as a concise scripting language, it's very commonly used for smaller tasks, as an alternative to shell scripts. Python was also designed to make it easy to interface with other languages such as C, and so it is often used as 'glue code' between components written in other languages. See More

Top Con

Too opinionated for a general-purpose programming language

While it's a good language to learn and use after you have mastered a couple of other less rigid programming languages, it's definitely not good for first-time learners. Both the language itself and its community have made it quite clear that you should do everything the "Pythonic way" to get the best results, that it feels more like an opinionated framework instead of a general-purpose programming language, which means if you are a first-time learner and getting too "tuned" to the "Pythonic way" it will be much harder for you to learn other less-opinionated languages compared to the other way around. Like any programming languages and/or frameworks, I'd recommend first-time learners to learn less opinionated ones first to open up your mind, then learn some of the more opinionated ones to increase productivity for specific fields of works. After all, programming languages are just some utilities for the human mind to interface with the computers, and there are more suitable tools for different tasks, and you should master the "Pythonic way" (after you already have adequate experience in computer programming) instead of locking your mind too close to the "Pythonic way" as a first-time learner. See More

Top Pro

Static typing via mypy

Python's syntax supports optional type annotations for use with a third-party static type checker, which can catch a certain class of bugs at compile time. This also makes it easier for beginners to gradually transition to statically typed languages instead of wrestling with the compiler from the start. See More

Top Con

Multi-threading can introduce unwanted complexity

Although the principals of multi-threading in Python are good, the simplicity can be deceptive and multi-threaded applications are not always easy to create when multiple additional factors are accounted for. Multi-thread processes have to be explicitly created manually. See More

Top Pro

Has features of both high and low level language

It is somewhere between C and Java. See More

Top Con

Mandatory indentation

While proper formatting is essential for any programmer, beginners often have trouble understanding the need and lack the discipline to do it. Add to that all those editors that randomly convert N spaces (usually 8) to tabs and you get an instant disaster. More importantly, the semantic significance of leading whitespace and newlines forces a line-oriented syntax on a language that also requires more verbosity than strictly necessary, without some of the syntactic sugar convenience of languages like Ruby that can help keep line length down. As a result, it can get difficult at times to maximize readability of conceptually complex operations by breaking up those operations in relatively digestible chunks. See More

Top Pro

Best chances of earning most money

According to Quartz, Python programming skills on average earn $100,000 per year. Closely followed by Java, C++, JavaScript, C, and R with $90,000 per year and above. See More

Top Con

Very slow

Up to 256 times slower than C. See More

Top Pro

Generators

Top Con

Abstraction to the point of hinderance

Python is abstracted far enough that if it's your first language, it will be harder to pick up lower level languages later versus going the other direction. See More

Top Pro

Includes pygame library

Want to start game development? No problem! Using pygame open-source library you can fast begin creating games without worrying about pointers or undefined behaviors which they exists in C/C++. See More

Top Con

Indentation-based syntax can be unclear

Python's syntax is based off of indentation rather than parentheses or curly braces. See More

Top Pro

Decorators

Top Con

Moving large blocks of code in whitespace sensitive languages is scary

Quoting inventor of the V language: "V's syntax is cleaner with fewer rules. Lack of significant whitespace improves readability and maintainability of large code bases and makes generating code much easier. From my experience of working with a huge Python code base, moving large blocks of code in whitespace sensitive languages is scary." See More

Top Pro

Easy for new users and experienced programmers

If you can get over whitespace formatting. See More

Top Con

Hard to debug

This to me is the number one fatal flaw any language can have. See More

Top Pro

Integrated as scripting langauge in a lot of Softwares

Python is the scripting language of great software like Blender 3D See More

Top Con

Bad for games

Python has a lot of frameworks like pygame, but exporting the game is hard and building files like .exe gets very large and have a bad performance on bad computers. See More

Top Pro

Great REPL

Python's read eval print loop is amazingly useful for being able to test new libraries and unfamiliar idioms without having to organize source files in the file system. See More

Top Con

Worst language design ever

Instead of sticking to a certain paradigm, the original writer of the language couldn't make up his mind, and took something from everywhere, but messing it up as he went by. This is possibly one of the worst balanced languages ever. People who pollute their mind with Python and think it's the next best thing after sliced bread, will have to un-learn a lot of garbage 'pythonesque' habits to actually learn how to program. It's not because the academic world uses it a lot, that it's a good language. It says something about the inability of the academic world to write decent code, actually. See More

Top Pro

Good introduction to data structures

Python's built-in support and syntax for common collections such as lists, dictionaries, and sets, as well as supporting features like list comprehensions, foreach loops, map, filter, and others, makes their use much easier to get into for beginners. Python's support for Object Orient Programming, but with dynamic typing, also makes the topic of Data Structures much more accessible, as it takes the focus off of more tedious aspects, such as type casting and explicitly defined interfaces. Python's convention of only hiding methods through prefacing them with underscores further takes the focus off of details such as Access Modifiers common in languages such as Java and C++, allowing beginners to focus on the core concepts, without much worry for language specific implementation details. See More

Top Con

It is best suited for scripting, but so are many other languages.

i.e. running js as a script in a node is trivial. Even languages that were not meant to run as a script are easy to use as a scripting language with just a .sh file. See More

Top Pro

Supports various programming paradigms

Python supports three 'styles' of programming: Procedural programming. Object orientated programming. Functional programming. All three styles can be seamlessly interchanged and can be learnt in harmony in Python rather than being forced into one point of view, which is helpful for easing confusion over the debate amongst programmers over which programming paradigm is best, as developers will get the chance to try all of them. See More

Top Con

Unflexible userbase

You will be expected to rigidly stick to the coding practices and to do everything by-the-numbers. See More

Top Pro

Mandatory indentation

No holy wars about which indentation style is best. No wasted time managing brackets, semicolons, or other redundant garbage. See More

Top Pro

Mobile versions

Mobile IDEs for Pythpn are available and they work great! PyDroid and QPython are great apps that turn your Android phone into a portable Python 2/3 shell and interpreter. See More

Top Pro

Import Turtle

Do something visually interesting in minutes by using the turtle standard library package. Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966. Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an import turtle, give it the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise. Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple moves. Example Turtle Star Drawing from turtle import * color('red', 'yellow') begin_fill() while True: forward(200) left(170) if abs(pos()) < 1: break end_fill() done() See More

Top Pro

Type hinting

The current version of Python has built-in syntax for both function and variable annotations--for optional static (compile-time) typing via third-party tools like mypy and PyCharm IDE. See More

Top Pro

Interpreters for JS, Microtontrollers, .Net , Java & others

Python is not limited to just be cross platform. It goes far beyond all high level languages since it can run on top of several other frameworks & architectures : Examples of interpreters: Standard (PC Win/Lin/Mac, ARM, Raspberry, Smartphones): CPython usually, but some more specialized for smartphones: Kyvi, QPython, ... Web Browser JS : Brython, PyJS, .Net : IronPython Java: Jython Microcontrollers with WiFi like ESP8266 or ESP32: MicroPython Can be statically compiled (instead of interpreted) with Cython. (Do not mix up with cPython) With python, you're sure your code can run (almost) everywhere, from 2€ computers to the most expensives. So, for instance, with Jython you can access the Java libraries with Python language. See More

Top Pro

Zen of Python

See here. See More

See All

score 38 · Answer 7

F#

Top Pro

Clean succinct syntax

F#'s syntax tends to be terse while remaining very readable and easy to understand without being a chore to write. See More

EfficientLyssa's Experience

can write Unity Functionnaly See More

Specs

Current stable version:6.0

License:Apache 2.0

IDE Support:Visual Studio, Code, Rider

Top Pro

Many advanced (functional) features

Top Pro

.NET Interoperability

Since F# runs on the Common Language Runtime or CLR, it has access to the entire .NET Framework, as well as libraries written in other .NET languages such as C#, VB.NET, and C++/CLI. See More

Top Pro

Fall into the pit of success

F# directs you into a workflow where the right way is the path of least resistance. Coming from a C# background, its restrictions might feel arbitrary at first (e.g., what do you mean my code has to be in dependency order!? Arbitrary alphabetical or bust!), but you'll soon realize that your code is cohesive, concise and consistent in a way that it never was before - and you can compile and run with confidence! See More

Top Pro

Good concurrency libraries

Top Pro

Type providers for statically type checked data access

Top Pro

Easier transition from other paradigms

Since F# is not a purely functional language, it lends itself to being more easily picked up by programmers that have experience with other paradigms. See More

Top Pro

Multiplatform, it runs on .Net Core

Forget Xamarin and Mono. F# now runs on the multiplatform .Net Core! See More

Top Pro

Allows writing predictable code

Like many other functional languages, F# takes a stance of immutability for most of its constructs (state, values etc...). There are several reasons why having immutable values is good. One of those is that the code you are writing becomes much more predictable and you don't have to worry about any side effects. See More

Top Pro

F# is supported by Xamarin

Thanks to Xamarin, F# is a functional language that you can use to build for iOS, Android and Windows. See More

Top Pro

You can run F# in the browser

Thanks to a project like Fable, you can write and run your client app in F# and run it over JavaScript. It allows you to share code between your server and client. See More

Top Pro

Natively supported by Visual Studio

This is a .Net language natively supported by Visual Studio. Though it is not as tooled up as C# the support is still substantial. In particular, C# deployment scenarios can be enabled for it with small C# wrapper projects. Integration with Visual Studio provides: IntelliSense, debugging, projects and other features. See More

Top Pro

Type Providers

Top Pro

Probably the best real world functional programming language

See All

score 98 · Answer 8

Go

Top Pro

Go routines

Top Con

Hard to abstract even the simplest notions

Go is famously regarded as very simple. However, this simplicity becomes problematic in time. Programmers who use Go find themselves over and over again writing the same thing from a very low point of view. Domains not already served by libraries that are easy to glue are very difficult to get into. See More

Elias Van Ootegem's Experience

Even though the question tries to define "best programming language" in a particular way, these questions will always suffer from fanboy-ism. This recommendation isn't too different. Productivity-enhancing: Golang compiles to native, as one of its core design criteria was to build a language that would spit out fast binaries. This usually means dealing with a lot of lower-level nitty-gritty stuff. To get around this, the language has an impressive array of standard packages that allow you to do basic things (like reading/writing files) in a couple of lines, all the way through to writing an HTTP/RPC server that handles some requests, and unit test it. Being able to do this within the standard ecosystem of the language, with a simple toolchain is, by any means, productivity enhancing. Another thing that is productivity enhancing is: there's no runtime to set up (no JVM, no nginx, no interpreter stealing CPU cycles), the compiler is fast, and you either run the binaries locally, or just spin up a container. Either way, docker doesn't really slow you down much (top-tip: use scratch containers). The development cycle (write, test, build, debug) is short and sweet, allowing you to get on with things. Well-designed: The design follows the KISS principle. Some things take time getting used to: curly brackets are not optional, there is no ternary operator, and the most hotly contested language feature: no exceptions. The core design team followed the rule that no feature would make it in to the language unless they all agreed it was needed. Result: classes aren't there (but composition through embedding is a big plus), and ducktype interfacing is all the rage. There are no generics, but interfaces + type assertions/type switches can be used most of the time instead. Overall, the grammar is simple, the number of keywords very limited, but the language does not feel restrictive. Powerful, yet simple, that looks like the hallmark of good design to me. Of course, part of the design is the optimised runtime (GC, routines, channels), which get even better with each new release of the language. Something that isn't listed as a key feature that I really like is how some packages contain functions that you shouldn't use. I know, it sounds weird, but stay with me: The language designers understand the importance of predictable, and symmetrical API's. That's why the strings and buffers packages will have the same functions within them (for consistency). It shows someone thought about usability, and it genuinely feels like a nice touch Concise: Like most modern languages, go is concise. Not as concise as some, but one could argue there's a line between concise, terse, and plain silly. Golang walks that line carefully. Some people may complain that the error handling is a bit verbose, and yes, it adds 34 lines each time, where a language with exceptions would add, erm... 34 lines, too (try, catch, handle). Either way, if you can write a service providing a basic RESTful API in ~50 lines, whilst still being readable and maintainable, then I'd consider that language to be well designed and concise. See More

Specs

Current stable version:1.21.0

Platforms:Windows, Linux, Mac etc.

Developer:Google with Ken Thompson, Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike

Top Pro

Compile speed

Top Con

Build system forces to put sourcecode in one folder

Currently the build system forces you to put your sourcecode in one folder called the "GOPATH". This cannot be changed in any way. See More

pizzamonkey's Experience

Has a lot of small complaints and gripes, but overall a very good language. Probably the easiest language to get started with parallel programming. See More

Top Pro

Easy to learn

While some of the more complex aspects of Go take a bit to pick up, it is very easy to get a junior programmer with zero knowledge of Go to building impactful applications in very short time. See More

Top Con

Golang controlled by Google

Solves Google problems, which might not be your or the majority of user's problems. Was created for the benefit and purposes of Google, so is less flexible in language direction and options. See More

Event Horizon's Experience

finishing off writing a project for past 18 months which parses video to synthesize the audio equivalent where all the RGB pixel level information of the input data is expressed in audio ... the kicker is it then parses the audio to synthesize output video which matches the input video ... of course the loop can start with audio as well as in audio -> video -> audio and not just video -> audio -> video ... I am using Hilbert Curve as well as Fourier Analysis ... possible uses include ability to permit people to see what others can hear and visa versa ... or to edit visually a music or audio project you are creating This is my first golang project - and have learned to appreciate go See More

Top Pro

Easy import system

Top Con

Corporate-driven

Controlled by a large corporation using marketing to create hype. See More

DecentEnlil's Experience

compie time and faster See More

Top Pro

Readable code

Top Con

Designed to make the programmer expendable

Go was designed for large team projects where many contributors may be incompetent. That Go can still get things done under these conditions is a testament to its utility in this niche. Go's infamously weak abstraction power is thus a feature, not a bug, meant to prevent your teammates from doing too much damage. This also means any team member can be easily replaced by another code monkey at minimum cost. Good for the company, bad for you. The more talented programmers, on the other hand, will be very frustrated by having one hand tied behind their back. See More

Top Pro

Almost C like performance but safe

Top Con

Easy to shadow variable

Due to single character only difference, declare and assign statement can easily shadow variable from outer scope unconsciously. Example: err := nil if xxx { err := somefunctionthatreturnsanerr } return err // always return nil See More

Top Pro

Ease of cross compilation

Easily compile to many OSes. See More

Top Con

Weak type system

Top Pro

Great language for building networking services

Go was started as a systems language but now it has fully committed in the niche of networking services. This has been a brilliant move by Go because it allows them to capitalize on the immense talent of the Go engineering team (who are in the most part network engineers). In a world dominated by Java EE and slow scripting language, Go was a breath of fresh air and it continues to be one of the most powerful languages if you want to build networking services. See More

Top Con

Doesn't have true enums

Golang does weirdness with const versus having real enums, like other languages. This reflects the stubbornness and shortsightedness of the core developers, similar to the issue with generics, where it was denied that it was needed until it became too obvious that it should have been added years ago. See More

Top Pro

Formatter

Top Con

Dependency management not (yet) settled

The default dependency "management" pulls code directly from repositories, making your code fragile if you are not careful. There are currently several options for managing vendoring the dependencies with 'go dep' on the horizon as standard solution, but this will not happen in the short term yet. See More

Top Pro

Statically typed

Top Con

It appears Google uses position to snuff out or suppress other languages

Newer languages that could threaten Golang (or other Google controlled languages) appear to have suppressed search results on Google and YouTube. Dangerous situation where large company can manipulate user choice and market share. The freedom to freely choose and user rights need to be protected. See More

Top Pro

Jobs available

You can find a Job knowing Go. Which is more than can be said with many other languages. See More

Top Con

No forms designer

Those who are used to Visual Studio can feel the lack of a forms designer for rapid development. See More

Top Pro

Supports 'modules' in the form of packages

Every Go source file contains a package line that indicates which package a file belongs to. If the name of the package is 'main', it indicates that this is a program that will be compiled into a binary. Otherwise, it will recognize that it is a package. See More

Top Con

Does not have sum types

Makes it harder to have functions of different parameters types in a non OOP language. Thus messy generics and interfaces, and more confusion, where sum types could have solved a number of issues. See More

Top Pro

Demonstrates a unique, simple concept to object-oriented programming

All types are essentially objects, be they type aliases or structs. The compiler automatically associates types to their methods at compile time. Those methods are automatically associated to all interfaces that match. This allows you to gain the benefits of multiple inheritance without glue code. As a result of the design, classes are rendered obsolete and the resulting style is easy to comprehend. See More

Top Con

Lacks support for immutable data

Only way to prevent something from being mutated is to make copies of it, and to be very careful to not mutate it. See More

Top Pro

Minimalism

Top Con

Forces K&R style and won't allow Allman style

Golang developers were extremely short-sighted and biased by forcing the K&R style, which should never have happened. Basically kicking Allman style users out of their language. See More

Top Pro

Statically linked binary

Top Con

Deferred functions are poor substitute for exception handling

Top Pro

Testing support included

Go includes a simple yet powerful framework for writing tests and benchmarks. Added plus: Examples that double as test cases and (runnable) examples in documentation - no more outdated code examples in the documentation! See More

Top Con

Performance slowdown because of indirect calls and garbage collection

Practically no meaningful Go application can be written without indirect function calls and garbage collection, these are central to Go's core infrastructure. But these are major impediments to achieving good performance. See More

Top Pro

Midway between C and Python

Top Con

Implementation of interfaces are difficult to figure out

Finding out what interfaces are implemented by a struct requires a magic crystal ball. They are easy to write, but difficult to read and trawl through. See More

Top Pro

Performance is on the order of C and Java

Go is blazing fast, but easier to write than Python, JS, Ruby, or many other dynamic languages. See More

Top Con

Structural typing

Top Pro

Rich standard library

Top Con

Promotes obfuscation, just like C/C++

Top Pro

Meaningful error messages

Anyone who has built systems using the c language or nodejs will appreciate the human readable error messages of go ... for example go build infosynth.go infosynth.go:35:2: cannot find package "github.com/google/hilbert" in any of: /cryptdata6/var/log/tmp/shared/go/src/github.com/google/hilbert (from $GOROOT) See More

Top Con

Error handling

Top Pro

Exceptionally simple and scalable multithreaded and concurrent programming

Goroutines are "lightweight threads" that runs on OS threads. They provide a simple way for concurrent operations — prepending a function with go will execute it concurrently. It utilizes channels for communication between goroutines which aids to prevent races and makes synchronizing execution effortless across goroutines. The maximum number of OS threads goroutines can run on may be defined at compile time with the GOMAXPROCS variable. See More

Top Pro

The go compiler compiles binaries instantly — as fast as a scripting language interpreter

Compiled binaries are fast — about as fast in C in most cases. Compiles on every OS without effort — truly cross-platform compiler. As a result of the fast compilation speed, you can use the gorun program to use go source code as if it was a scripting language. See More

Top Pro

API documentation is rich in content; easy to memorize

Only features deemed critical are added to the language to prevent cruft from working it's way into the language. The language is small enough to fit inside one's head without having to repeatedly open documentation. Documentation is hosted on an official webpage in a manner that is simple to read and understand. See More

Top Pro

Easy to install and configure; simple to compile software

Go software can be immediately installed, regardless of your operating system, package manager, or processor architecture with the go get command. Software is compiled statically by default so there is no need to worry about software dependencies on the client system. Makefiles and headers are no longer necessary, as the package system automatically resolves dependencies, downloads source code and compiles via a single command: go build. See More

Top Pro

Provides tools for automatically formatting code for your entire software project

This helps keep every programmer on the same page in a project and eliminates arguments over formatting styles. See More

Top Pro

Great team working behind it

Go has a solid team of engineers working on it (some of the best networking engineers in the world are working on Go). Up until now, the great engineering of the language has compensated for its lack of power. See More

Top Pro

Programmers don't have to argue over what 10% subet of the language to implement in their software project

The language promotes programming in a specific idiomatic style, which helps keep every programmer on the same page. See More

Top Pro

Built-in unit testing

The idiomatic approach to writing a Go software project is to perform test-driven development with unit testing. Every source code file should have an associated *_test.go file which tests functions in the code. See More

Top Pro

Simplified C-like syntax that is as easy to read and write as Python

The language is designed in a manner that seems logical. Syntax is simplified to reduce burden on the programmer and compiler developers. See More

Top Pro

Automatically generates API documentation for installed packages

Godoc is provided to automatically generate API documentation for Go projects. Godoc also hosts its own self-contained web server that will list documentation for all installed packages in your Go path. See More

Top Pro

Supports splitting source code into multiple files

As long as every source code file in a directory has the same package name, the compiler will automatically concatenate all of the files together during the compilation process. See More

Top Pro

Multiple variables may be assigned on a single line

This conveniently eliminates the need to create temporary variables. Fibonacci example: x, y = y, x+y See More

Top Pro

Supports functional programming techniques such as function literals

This naturally also supports first class and high order functions, so you may pass functions as variables to other functions. See More

Top Pro

Syntax for exported code from a package is simplified to be less verbose than other languages

Any variable, type and function whose name begins with a capital letter will be exported by a project, while all other code remains private. There is no longer a need to signify that a piece of code is 'private' or 'public' manually. See More

See All

score 70 · Answer 9

Clojure

Top Pro

Designed for concurrency

Since Clojure is designed for concurrency, it offers things like Software Transaction Memory, functional programming without side-effects and immutable data structures right out of the box. This means that the development team can focus their energies on developing features instead of concurrency details. See More

Top Con

Slow repl startup time

VersatileBeliMawr's Experience

Wonderful sintax and productivity See More

Specs

Current stable version:1.10.1

Platforms:Windows, Linux, Mac

Site:www.clojure.org

GZipped size:3.7Mb, requires JAVA

Top Pro

Huge ecosystem of libraries to work with

There's a very large ecosystem of high-quality Clojure libraries which developers can use. One example is Incanter. It's a great data analytics library and a very powerful tool for dealing with matrices, datasets and csv files. See More

Top Con

May be hard to catch some bugs because of its dynamic type system

ImaginativeVucubCaquix's Experience

Awesome See More

Top Pro

Tries to solve problems as simply as possible

Simplicity is one of the pillars on which Clojure is built. Clojure tries to solve many problems in software development as simply as possible. Instead of building complex interfaces, objects or factories, it uses immutability and simple data structures. See More

Top Con

Tied to the JVM and it's limitations.

Some language constructs were obviously created as workarounds for JVM limitations. This makes the language much less elegant than it could have been. Also, the JVM has a very cumbersome FFI. See More

Amiran Chyb's Experience

Homoiconic See More

Top Pro

Java interop

Since Clojure runs on the JVM it can make use of the Java standard library and other Java libraries or frameworks. See More

Top Con

Confusing error messages

Clojure's error messages more often than not are very confusing. They usually involve stack traces that do not thoroughly explain where the error was caused or what caused it. See More

Top Pro

Interactive development

Although interop/the JVM limits this to a degree (compared to other lisps), clojure is still quite capable/effective at interactive and exploratory programming. See More

Top Con

Restrictive License

The Eclipse Public License is a fairly restrictive, complicated license with a lot of license compatibility issues. See More

Top Pro

Terse syntax

Clojure is a Lisp and as such is has the distinct syntax of Lisp dialects which is extremely terse and easy to read for the trained eye. See More

Top Con

Syntax may seem confusing to programmers not used to Lisp

Lisp syntax may seem confusing to anyone not used to Lisp because of its over-reliance on parentheses. See More

Top Pro

Immutability is the default

Clojure programmers are highly encouraged to use immutable data in their code. Therefore, most data will be immutable by default. State change is handled by functions (for transformations) and atoms (an abstraction that encapsulates the idea of some entity having an identity). See More

Top Con

Syntax can be alien / jarring for those used to other Lisps

Perhaps some may consider this attribute an advantage, but I do not. Clojure does not attempt to maintain significant compatibility with other Lisps. So, if you already know a Lisp or are used to the way Lisp works in general, you'll probably be confused if you take a look at Clojure. See these resources for more details on this subject: https://clojure.org/reference/lisps http://stackoverflow.com/q/6008313/2636454 http://gilesbowkett.blogspot.com/2015/01/one-major-difference-between-clojure.html http://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/q/153128/166211 See More

Top Pro

Minimal syntax

Being a LISP, programs are simple: they're just functions and data. That it doesn't get bogged down with syntax or the loftier FP concepts like monads makes it one of most approachable functional languages for beginners. See More

Top Pro

Cross platform

Clojure compiles to JVM bytecode and runs inside the JVM. This means that applications written in Clojure are cross-platform out of the box. See More

Top Pro

Dynamic language

A superb data processing language. While rich type and specification systems are available they are optional. See More

Top Pro

Extensible

Clojure has an elegant macro system which enables language additions, Domain-specific languages (DSLs), to be created much easier than most other languages (with the exception of Racket, perhaps). See More

Top Pro

Great tool used in automating, configuring and managing dependencies available

Leiningen is a very useful tool for Clojure developers. It helps wiht automation, configuration and dependency management. It's basically a must for every Clojure project. See More

Top Pro

Rich Hickey

The creator is so awesome, he's a feature. Just look up his talks and see why. See More

Top Pro

No C/Java syntax

Refreshing, BTW! See More

Top Pro

Game is available with which you can learn Clojure

Nightmod is a tool used to make "live-moddable" games. It displays the game's code while you are playing and allows you to inject new code using Clojure. This can be a fun and useful experience for people trying to learn Clojure. See More

See All

Answer 10

Lua

Top Pro

Easy to learn

Its simple syntax makes it easy to learn, which explains why it is often used as a scripting language, as it empowers users with little programming knowledge to write simple scripts. See More

Top Con

Undeclared variables are declared globally creating difficult to find bugs

When writing a function, if a programmer forgets to declare a variable, that variable will be declared at global scope. The code will seem to run fine at first, but if another function uses a variable with the same name, but fails to declare it, it will create subtle, incredibly difficult to find bugs. See More

pizzamonkey's Experience

Much like vanilla C, in that you can learn all of the systems you need to know in a day, but you can still build complex applications with it. The greatest scripting language to embed into any application. See More

Specs

Platforms:Windows, Mac, Android, Linux

Top Pro

Fast

It is among the fastest scripting languages, and LuaJIT makes it even faster. See More

Top Con

Ugly syntax

Unusual, weird, and quirky syntax. See More

Top Pro

Very easy to integrate with C and C++

One of the best features of Lua is its very well designed C API. This is very useful if you have an existing C library you need to integrate with Lua or quickly get a Lua script running on the C side of the game. Finally Lua plays so nice with C that if you need to optimise for speed you can re-write it in C a lot easier than other languages. See More

Top Con

Array indexing goes against convention

Defying conventions from most other programming languages, Lua uses arrays that start at 1, rather than 0. See More

What are the best (productivity-enhancing, well-designed, and concise, rather than just popular or time-tested) programming languages?

84 Options Considered

Nim

My Recommendation for Nim

My Recommendation for Nim

Runtime speed

Community is too small

Open source

You won't get a job programming Nim

Easy to read

Lack of cohesion, poor readability

Powerful metaprogramming

Extremely opaque control flow, makes debugging a nightmare

Compiles to C or JavaScript

Learning resources for beginners are scarse

Strict typing

Not true alternative to Python users, where using the Codon is.

Async/await features

Atrocious error messages

Awesome syntax

Whitespace sensitive syntax

Multi paradigm

Tries to claim more than what it really is

Really crossplatform

Community harsh if criticized

Type inferencing

Lacks void / null safety

Garbage-collected

Unstable ecosystem

Supports UFCS (Unified Function Call Syntax)

Inconsistent name formatting

Compile-time execution

Con artist pushed useless language

Easy to integrate with another languages

Memory management disasters

Built-in Unicode support

Great metaprogramming features

Has built-in async support

Has built-in unittest module

Optional and pluggable GC

Flexible memory management

It produces executible files which are not large

More productive than Go, Rust and Python

Active development

Community driven

Type interferencing

Statically typed

Smalltalk

My Recommendation for Smalltalk

My Recommendation for Smalltalk

Live programming environments available

Not used as much anymore

Simple syntax

Isolation

Smalltalk amenable to creating domain-specific languages

Not common

Very nice and active community around Pharo, Squeak and Cuis

Only one paradigm allowed

Object Oriented

Language design and implementation makes it difficult to utilize multi-core systems

Provides powerful metaprogramming facilities

Limited libraries to connect with external services

Fun to use

Limited object system

Superb Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Virtual machine in its own isolated world

Environment of live objects

A little slow

First-class functions with lexical closures

Simple, but not C-like syntax

Elegant syntax fits on a postcard

Inspector makes objects transparent

Agile "interactive" test-driven development

Easy to learn and experiment

With PharoJS, easy to generate code for the web

Pure and easy object orientation

Language uniformity

As a first language, almost forces you to learn OO design.

With SqueakJS, run in the browser

Internal source code and documentation